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作者简介:

付靖怡(2000-),硕士研究生,研究方向为固体废弃物资源处理。E-mail: 13718183423@163.com。

通讯作者:

孟星尧,E-mail: mengxingyao@btbu.edu.cn。

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目录contents

    摘要

    科学规范施用有机肥料对提升土壤肥力、减轻生态环境污染、保障国家粮食安全具有重要意义。综述了有机肥料施用过程可能存在的微塑料、抗生素与抗生素抗性基因、持久性有机污染物等新污染物对土壤生态环境与农产品安全产生的影响与风险,归纳了新污染物在土壤中的迁移转化机理及阻控技术;并总结了世界范围内有机肥料产品标准中新污染物相关风险限量指标,为完善我国堆肥及有机肥质量标准体系、提升有机肥行业标准化水平提供参考。

    Abstract

    Scientific and standardized application of organic fertilizers is of great significance to improve soil fertility, reduce ecological environment pollution,and ensure national food security. The impacts and risks of new pollutants such as microplastics,antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes,and persistent organic pollutants on soil ecological environment and agricultural product safety that might exist in the application process of organic fertilizers were reviewed, and the migration and transformation mechanism and blocking and control technologies of new pollutants in soil were summarized. It also summarized the risk limit indicators related to new pollutants in organic fertilizer product standards worldwide,which provided a reference for improving China’s compost and organic fertilizer quality standard system and improving the standardization level of organic fertilizer industry.

  • “十四五”规划和 2035 年远景目标纲要指出 “要把保障粮食等重要农产品供给安全作为头等大事,牢牢守住国家粮食安全底线”。粮食生产对肥料的依赖度在 50% 以上,因此肥料对保障我国粮食安全具有十分重要的作用[1]。但是多年连续大量施用单一元素或单一品种化肥易引起土壤板结和养分失衡,阻碍农作物的正常生长发育,影响作物产量,造成严重的农业面源污染问题[2-3]。相较于化肥,施用有机肥料可以提高土壤有机质含量、改善土壤理化性质、减少农业面源污染。农业农村部印发《国家农业绿色发展先行区整建制全要素全链条推进农业面源污染综合防治实施方案》推进农业面源污染源头减量,推广有机肥替代化肥政策。

  • 有机肥料是指主要来源于植物和动物,经过发酵腐熟的含碳有机物[4],施用有机肥料可以将有机固体废弃物中的养分、微量元素和腐殖质返回到土壤中。但有机肥料也并非完全安全,由于不合理的农业耕作和畜禽养殖,农药、抗生素等产品的超量使用,导致以农业废弃物制作的有机肥存在重金属、抗生素、有机污染物、微塑料等污染物,使有机肥料施用面临新的环境风险[5]。例如,多个研究结果发现动物粪便中存在微塑料,且在重复施用此类粪便堆肥的土壤中微塑料的丰度显著高于无堆肥土壤[6-8]。在牛粪和堆肥产品中也检测到了耐药细菌和持久性有机污染物(POPs)的存在[9]

  • 新污染物会随着有机肥料的使用进入农田土壤,进而进入食物链,对人体健康造成威胁 (图1)。微塑料会擦伤生物体内组织,消化道内过多的微塑料会堵塞消化系统,导致生物体产生饱食感或者炎症,影响人体生殖细胞,对胚胎发育产生严重危害[10];抗生素使用会导致细菌产生抗药性,使细菌更加难以被消灭,抗生素被人体摄入后可导致器官发生病变,产生过敏反应、引起皮肤瘙痒、麻疹等疾病,甚至致畸变、癌变等[11];POPs 会在生物体内的脂肪组织、胚胎和肝脏等器官中积累下来,具有致突变、致癌、致畸以及神经、内分泌、生殖系统等方面的毒性[12]。因此,应关注有机肥料中新污染物的毒性问题。

  • 而在农业农村部最新颁布的《 有机肥料 》 (NY/T525—2021)标准中,虽然与 2012 版相比,新标准增加了种子发芽指数、机械杂质的质量分数指标,修改了有机质、氮、磷、钾等产品技术指标的检测方法。但对有机肥中微塑料、抗生素、 POPs 等环境新污染物含量及施用过程对作物、环境、人体的影响尚未获得系统性关注。《Nature》、 《Science》期刊上也有多篇文献指出有机肥是一些新污染物进入环境的载体,每千克干重有机肥可携带 14~895 个颗粒的微塑料[13],猪粪是可移动的基因元件(MGEs)、抗生素抗性基因(ARGs)的大型储存库[14],向土壤中添加 15% 的猪粪可引起抗生素抗性细菌(ARB)数量增加[15],这也提醒我们应该注意有机肥施用带来的环境风险。

  • 图1 有机肥中新污染物来源与危害

  • 注:POPs 为持久性有机污染物,ARGs 为抗生素抗性基因。

  • 本篇论文整理了有机肥料中新污染物类型,探讨了有机肥料施用到土壤时新污染物的潜在风险、迁移转化机理及控制技术,通过系统分析比较国内外堆肥及有机肥现行标准,为完善我国堆肥及有机肥标准体系、提升有机肥行业标准化水平提供参考。

  • 1 有机肥料中新污染物类型与危害

  • 1.1 有机肥料中微塑料污染与危害

  • 微塑料是指在环境中粒径小于 5 mm 的塑料类污染物。第二届联合国环境大会上,微塑料作为一种新型环境污染物被列入环境与生态科学研究领域的第二大科学问题,成为与全球气候变化、臭氧耗竭等并列的重大全球环境问题。海洋中的微塑料最先被发现,而后土壤中的微塑料问题接着被提出,但是研究发现土壤中微塑料的浓度可能是海洋的 4~26 倍[16]。 2022 年国务院印发的《新污染物治理行动方案》中,将微塑料明确列为重点新污染物之一。

  • 我国作为有机肥生产和使用大国,每年通过施用有机肥而进入到土壤中的微塑料高达 52.4~26400 t,考虑到粒径小于 0.5 mm 的微塑料丰度以及有机肥施用量的逐年增多,进入到土壤中的微塑料可能更多[17]。德国统计发现仅仅是粒径大于 1 mm 的塑料颗粒,每年仍有 350 亿至 2.2 万亿个微塑料可能通过施用有机肥料途径进入环境中[18],可见有机肥施用是微塑料进入土壤的重要途径之一。

  • 有机肥料中微塑料的来源可分为堆肥原料中的微塑料(如污水处理厂污泥、畜禽粪便等)和堆肥环境中产生的微塑料(如农业塑料薄膜的使用)[19]。研究发现有机废弃物中普遍有微塑料的存在,污水中 90% 的微塑料被富集在剩余的污泥中[20],污泥还田会造成微塑料进入土壤;牲畜饲养时塑料会通过进食过程进入牲畜动物体内,经动物代谢后混合在粪便中以微塑料的形式排出体外,留存在动物粪便中[19]。不同地区由于饲养的饲料及摄食量不同,会造成不同类别畜禽粪便中微塑料丰度差异[21]。相对来说牛粪中微塑料含量最小,可能由于微塑料在反刍动物体内因消化时间较长而被完全消化[22]。尽管堆肥过程可以减少粪便中微塑料积累量,但常年施用粪肥返田仍是微塑料进入土壤中的重要途径之一[23]。一些国家和地区有机肥原料中微塑料情况见表1。

  • 长期施用有机肥可使土壤中微塑料丰度显著增加,对土壤理化性质和作物生长有显著性的负面影响。微塑料会破坏土壤团聚体的结构,降低土壤通气性、透水性和持水能力,进而影响植物叶片性状和植株生物量[31-33]。另外,植物根部会吸收土壤中的微塑料,沿植物生长过程在体内发生迁移,导致植物体微塑料积累,干扰植物体吸收养分,对植物生长造成不利影响[34]。而植物体中富集的微塑料沿食物链传递进入人体,诱导细胞毒性、损伤组织器官以及产生复合暴露健康危害效应[35]。土壤中的微塑料还可以作为多环芳烃(PAHs)、重金属、抗生素以及 ARGs 等污染物质在环境中迁移的载体,造成更为复杂的环境问题[36-37]

  • 表1 有机肥原料中微塑料情况

  • 1.2 有机肥中的抗生素及抗生素抗性基因污染与危害

  • 我国畜禽养殖业每年使用抗生素量巨大,然而大部分抗生素无法被生物充分吸收,超过 30% 的抗生素会随着生物有机体的代谢和排泄,以原形或者代谢产物的方式进入外界环境中,造成畜禽粪便中抗生素的残留。过量使用抗生素会在动物肠道内诱导诱导 ARB 的出现,产生抗性菌株,抗性菌株中含有 ARGs[38]

  • 好氧堆肥是畜禽粪便资源化利用的途径之一,也是消减抗生素的重要手段,但堆肥并不能完全降解粪便中的抗生素。杨威等[39]在有机肥原料和有机肥的 ARGs 检测中发现 4 种抗生素,即土霉素、四环素、金霉素和强力霉素,4 种四环素类抗生素有机肥原料和有机肥中的检出率分别为 35.00% 和 16.39%,总检出率为 24.29%。郑宁国等[40] 研究发现高温堆肥对猪粪中 qnrAblaCTX 的消减效率仅达到 60% 左右,并且堆肥后 ermF 的含量又增加了 28.7%。堆肥并不能显著消减所有种类的 ARGs,可见有机肥中的抗生素问题不容忽视。而施用含有抗生素和 ARGs 的有机肥,会造成土壤中 ARGs 的多样性和浓度逐步升高。粪肥施用会对土壤的理化性质产生影响,使土壤中细菌的丰度提高,进而对土壤中 ARGs 和 MGEs 的丰度产生影响[41] (表2)。

  • 含有抗生素和 ARGs 的有机肥除了破坏土壤环境外,有机肥中的抗生素会通过雨水冲洗或浇灌淋溶进入地表或地下水环境中,严重威胁饮用水安全,土壤中积累的抗生素还会影响植物生长并沿食物链被人体摄入。研究发现美国多所污水处理厂进出中检测到了较高浓度的磺胺甲噁唑[42]。四环素类和磺胺类药物被发现在土壤中积累,进而抑制植物种子发芽和根系、叶片的生长,且随着污染的加重和时间的延长对植物生长的影响也越来越大[43]。土壤中的部分抗生素类药也可被农作物吸收积累,从而进入食物链威胁人体健康,研究表明,叶片能够利用植物根际与内生组织从土壤中获得 ARGs,植物内生组织中 ARGs 的含量通常比叶面和根际低,然而内生组织中的 ARGs 不能通过洗涤与烹饪除去,摄入后有将 ARGs 传播至人体内的潜在风险[44]。因此,我国在《重点管控新污染物清单(2023 年版)》中已将抗生素列为重点控制目标。

  • 1.3 有机肥料中持久性有机污染物的污染与危害

  • POPs 包括多环芳烃(PAHs)、多氯联苯 (PCBs)、有机氯农药、多溴联苯醚、二噁英和呋喃等。研究发现我国农业土壤和农作物的有机污染问题与有机肥的施用相关,且污染问题不容忽视[45]。有机肥中的有机污染物可能是其生产过程中产生的副产品或原料本身带入,也可能是在包装和贮运过程中受到污染。PAHs 可在堆肥过程中通过挥发、光降解、化学降解和生物降解等方式减少[56]。不同的堆肥原料和堆肥时间会造成堆肥产品中 PAHs 浓度的差异。莫测辉等[57-58]研究发现将活性污泥与稻草共堆肥后 PAHs 为 7.303 mg/kg,而污泥与稻草共堆肥后 PAHs 仅为 0.561 mg/kg。堆肥过程对 PAHs 的降解率在 50% 以上,一般堆肥成熟期对土壤中 PAHs 的浓度有较明显的影响,且苯环数越高、分子量越高的 PAHs 越难降解[59]

  • 表2 施用有机肥土壤 ARGs 种类

  • 注:ARGs 为抗生素抗性基因。

  • 研究发现,dba-二苯并[a,h]蒽、baa-苯并 [a]蒽、bba-苯并[a]芘等 16 种 PAHs 都在堆肥产品中检出,因其毒性大,且不易被降解和去除,当堆肥施用于土壤后,PAHs 易残留于土壤中。陈来国等[60]采集了广州 5 个地区的菜地士壤样品对其 PAHs 含量进行检测,结果显示,菜地土壤中 PAHs 含量最高为 3077 μg/kg,最低为 42 μg/kg,且研究区土壤中大多数样品 PAHs 总浓度高于 200 μg/kg,己经达到中度污染水平。PAHs 还可通过堆肥产品施用的方式渗透到植物中,并通过食物链进行传递,从而损害人类健康。李云玲等[61]研究发现,菲可以显著降低小麦种子的发芽率,并抑制小麦茎和根的增长,对小麦产生较强的生理毒性。 PAHs 被人体摄入后可以与肝、肾和肺组织中的分子进行共价结合,产生毒性并会引起溶血性贫血和视力缺陷,诱变和损害免疫功能[62]

  • PCBs 是人工合成的氯代芳烃类化合物,由于毒性效应强、难降解和迁移距离长等特性,在《斯德哥尔摩公约》中被列为“首批持久性污染物之一”[63]。现在 PCBs 的来源还并不清晰,但在我国多个城市污水处理厂污泥中检出 PCBs,污泥堆肥后农用则会不可避免的将 PCBs 引入土壤。PCBs 可以通过植物根系吸收的方式由土壤进入植物并通过食物链逐级传递,对生态系统造成潜在暴露风险,有研究表明,在施用污泥堆肥种植的空心菜中, PAHs 含量高达 3.54 mg/kg[64]

  • 堆肥是减少 PCBs 的首选方法,Siebielska 等[65] 研究发现堆肥过程中 PCBs 浓度的下降取决于多氯联苯同系物的氯化水平,氯取代基较多的 PCBs 浓度的下降幅度小于氯取代基较少的 PCBs 浓度的下降幅度,堆肥引起的 PCBs 浓度下降范围为 7%~16%,Furukawa[66] 也同样认为 PCBs 含有氯原子越多,降解率越低。但 Brandli 等[67] 却发现低氯 PCBs 浓度在堆肥过程中会增加约 30%,高氯化同源物略有下降 10% 左右。因此可以通过分析代谢物进一步研究 PCBs 具体的降解机制,同时也应对机肥料中 PCBs 的浓度更加关注。

  • 2 新污染物迁移转化途径及控制技术

  • 2.1 新污染物迁移转化途径

  • 有机肥施用进入土壤的微塑料、抗生素及 ARGs、POPs 主要通过物理因素、植物体吸收、生物作用在环境中进行迁移转化。

  • 伴随有机肥施用而进入土壤的新污染物会受到物理因素的影响,风力会影响微塑料横向迁移,使其在土壤里扩散,也会影响抗生素耐药性传播,土壤中的 ARB 负载在颗粒物上,通过风力与沉降作用进行土-气界面迁移[68];降水会影响微塑料的纵向迁移,帮助微塑料侵入地下水,进而迁移至海洋,伴随有机肥施用进入土壤中的部分 ARB 及 ARG 也会随着雨水的淋洗、径流等进入水体中,农田的径流水是水体中 ARGs 的重要来源;有机肥中的微塑料还可将表面吸附的各种物质(如重金属、有机物质和有毒物质等)释放到土壤环境中,改变土壤的理化性质[69],PAHs 在土壤中的迁移也与其在土壤颗粒上的吸附解吸有直接的关系, PAHs 与土壤颗粒的吸附作用越强,则其在土壤中的迁移能力越弱,PAHs 从土壤颗粒上解吸的程度越大,则其在土壤中的迁移作用越强[70]

  • 土壤-植物体间的迁移同样是新污染物在土壤中迁移的重要因素,微塑料可以被植物根系吸收并顺着导管系统迁移到可被人类食用的营养区域,随后沿着食物链传递到动物体内(图2);进入土壤的 ARGs 会附着在农作物中随着食物链向人体及动物传播,相比抗生素的残留,畜禽粪便中 ARGs 的产生、迁移和转化更具有危险性;由于一些植物对土壤中的污染物有吸收富集作用,因此在施用堆肥修复土壤时,部分 PAHs 能够从土壤迁移至植物体内并在植物组织中逐渐积累[64],导致 PAHs 被植物体吸收。

  • 生物作用是进入土壤的新污染另一重要的迁移转化因素。微塑料通过生物过程转化为聚合物,随后通过微生物矿化将其完全分解为 CO2、H2O 和 CH4,该作用可用于修复土壤环境中的微塑料[71]; 有机肥料施用于土壤后,有机肥中的 ARB 可以迁移并定殖在土壤中,土壤中的 ARGs 通过垂直基因转移(VGT)和水平基因转移(HGT)两种方式在微生物间传播,ARGs 的 HGT 主要是通过基因组中的可移动遗传元件(如质粒、转座子和整合子)通过偶联、转导和自然转化从一个菌株转移到另一个菌株。在转移过程中,细菌获得抗生素耐药性,因此,ARGs 在土壤中的迁移和转化可能比抗生素残留更有害;堆肥的施用能够促进土壤中 PAHs 的降解,且堆肥自身的 PAHs 也能一定程度的被微生物降解。

  • 伴随有机肥施用进入土壤的新污染物相互具有协同作用;重金属会通过促进 ARGs 水平基因转移的发生,增加土壤的抗生素耐药性,微塑料也可作为 ARGs 向深层土壤传播的潜在载体,土壤中老化的次级微塑料可作为 ARGs 的载体促进其在环境中的 HGT 和 VGT[36],由于微塑料具有较大的比表面积,其还会吸附金属离子,通过共耐和交叉耐机制对 ARGs 形成联合选择压力,造成 ARGs 的富集[37]

  • 图2 新污染物在土壤生态系统中的传播

  • 注:HGT、VGT 分别为水平基因转移、垂直基因转移。

  • 2.2 有机肥中新污染物控制技术

  • 污染物的控制技术一般分为源头控制、生产过程控制和施用过程控制 3 个层面去阻控污染物的传播,对于有机肥生产过程可以筛选具有特定功能的微生物作为菌剂,强化好氧堆肥,从而提高有效微生物的浓度,增强对难降解有机物的降解能力,提高降解速率,目前针对有机肥施用过程污染物的去除则主要采用物理法、化学法和生物法。

  • 物理法主要为吸附作用、紫外辐射等。吸附是从污染场所去除污染物最广泛使用的方法之一,其操作简单,相对便宜,不受生物体潜在毒性的影响。生物炭材料可以吸附土壤基质中的抗生素,有效促进 ARGs 的消散[72],并由于其多孔结构和较大的表面积可以减少植物、微生物对抗生素的吸收[73],生物炭改良可以改变土壤中 ARGs 的组成[74],进而减少土壤和植物组织中 ARB 或 ARGs 的丰度[50];活性炭同样具有很高的吸附能力,可以影响抗生素的转化和迁移[75],活性炭还可减少 POPs 对微生物的毒性,活性炭改良土壤中的生物可利用 PCBs 大幅减少,在改良土壤中,三叶草种子发芽率及地上部分生物量显著提高,植物毒性显著降低[76]。与活性炭相比,生物炭内表面积较低(10~100 m2 /g)[77],且在与被 PAHs 污染的土壤接触后,生物炭的吸附能力相对于活性炭有所下降[78]。紫外线辐射驱动的光降解可导致塑料的破坏[79],其可在氧化还原反应中产生一对电子和空穴,最终导致微(中)塑料降解为较小的无机分子,如 CO2 和 H2O。

  • 化学法中热处理技术应用较广。热处理是指将受污染的土壤加热到高温,常见的热处理技术有焚烧、气化和热解[80]。其被广泛用于修复土壤中的有机污染物、农用化学品、PCBs 和 PAHs。研究发现热处理也可以减少土壤中的微塑料,使用超临界水对微塑料进行热降解可以将微塑料转变为燃料提供能量,相比传统焚烧更为节能,产生的有害气体也更少[81],这也说明热处理是一种未来有潜力的土壤微塑料修复新技术。

  • 生物修复可以通过微生物群落、细菌或真菌以及各种酶来实现[82],利用土壤中的微生物群落对被微塑料污染的红树林土壤进行了原位修复,结果表明,90 d 后,约 18% 的补救点微塑料丰度降低,但生物降解微塑料具有极高的针对性,不同的微塑料需要由相应的生物进行降解才能在达到理想效果的同时生成的产物对环境没有影响[83];抗生素在土壤中的降解和 ARGs 的变化也可以通过增强微生物降解来加速。噬菌体疗法通过筛选、纯化和富集得到具有 ARGs 宿主菌特异性的烈性噬菌体,向 ARB 污染的土壤中加入噬菌体菌液,以达到定向侵染和裂解宿主菌的目的,从而消减土壤中的 ARGs[84]。研究发现多价噬菌体和生物炭联用可以阻碍 ARB 在土壤中的垂直迁移,同时可以靶向灭活 ARB,降低土壤中 ARGs 的丰度[85]

  • 3 国内外有机肥施用标准的对比

  • 国内外有机肥质量标准中对部分新污染物进行了限定,我国《有机肥料》(NY 525—2021)标准在有机质和养分、重金属、病原体等相关指标上都有着严格的质量管控标准且大都严格于国外。但与欧美日等发达国家相比,目前我国商品有机肥生产标准中尚未对微塑料含量进行限定。例如德国严格规定要求有机肥料中粒径小于 2 mm 的微塑料含量不超过 0.1%,澳大利亚的有机肥标准允许堆肥中含有 0.05%(质量分数,以干重计)轻塑料和 0.5% (质量分数,以干重计)硬塑料。

  • 对于抗生素和抗性基因,欧盟等大多数国家并没有出台相关的规定,但是,欧盟在最终的农产品中,对抗生素的含量有着严格的要求,这也导致我国的一些出口企业不得不对其产品中抗生素进行限制[86]。虽然我国于 2016 年出台了《有机肥料中土霉素、四环素、金霉素与强力霉素的含量测定高效液相色谱法》(GB/T32951—2016)标准,为有机类肥料产品抗生素残留检测提供了检测方法,这也成为我国第一个肥料产品中抗生素残留检测方法的国家标准,2016 年,国家肥料分级标准就已完成编制工作,拟通过限制原料的准入和控制成品中有害物质的指标对肥料中抗生素总量提出更为细化的要求,标准中规定了生态级商品肥料中抗生素总量不得高于 1 mg/kg,但直到如今也未见这一标准出台。

  • 我国有机肥料在环境激素等污染风险方面的研究相对匮乏,仅在《肥料中 PAHs 含量的测定气相色谱质谱法》(GB/T32952—2016)标准中规定了肥料中萘、苊烯、苊、芴、菲等 16 种 PAHs 含量的测定方法,含量范围为 0.1~30 mg/kg,同样在已编制完成但还未正式出台的《肥料分级及要求》国家标准中规定了农田级和生态级商品肥料中 PAHs 含量不得高于 1 mg/kg;澳大利亚和奥地利有机肥料中 PAHs 的实行标准宽泛,其要求有机肥料中 PAHs 总量不超过 6 mg/kg 即可;欧盟则要求总量不超过 3 mg/kg。目前我国暂未对有机肥料中 PCBs 浓度做出规范,匈牙利对于有机肥中 PCBs 含量要求最严格,仅为 0.1 mg/kg。

  • 表3 有机肥料中新污染物浓度限定范围

  • 注:% DW 为干重百分比;* 含玻璃、金属和硬质塑料;∑6 PCBs= PAHs28、52、101、138、153 和 180 的总和;∑6 PAHs 包括苯并[a] 芘、苯并[b]荧蒽、苯并[k]荧蒽、苯并[ghi]苝、荧蒽和茚并 [1,2,3-cd]芘的总和。

  • 4 总结与展望

  • 有机肥的大量施用可能造成土壤中物理化学的污染问题将不容再忽略,这也将是限制有机肥施用的关键因素。此外由于新污染物具有持久性,还可以通过食物链传播,严重危及未来的粮食安全。本文综述目前影响有机肥施用安全且未受到广泛关注的新污染物,包括微塑料、抗生素、ARGs 和 POPs,分析了其来源、迁移转化途径和阻控方式以及这些新污染物对土壤、作物、人体的危害等,并对一些国家和组织有机肥料中新污染物浓度限定范围进行了归纳。但目前仍存在诸多问题,如机理不明确,控制技术缺乏,标准有待完善等。

  • 基于此,今后应当加强以下方面的研究:

  • (1)利用高通量测序、生物信息学和分子标记等技术多尺度、多层次研究新污染物的转移、扩散途径及机制。进一步解析新污染物在环境介质、生物体及食物链中的迁移累积机制及其生态毒理学分析。

  • (2)加强我国农田中新污染物污染水平和污染特征研究,摸清污染底数,评估土壤中新污染物对农产品质量安全、农作物生长或土壤生态环境的污染风险,为土壤中新污染物防治和风险管控提供科学依据。

  • (3)开发控制技术,筛选具有高效降解污染物的生物酶与功能微生物,建立物化-生物联合修复技术,发展能大面积应用、安全、低成本、环境友好的联合修复技术,以保障农产品安全和生态安全。

  • (4)通过大数据分析建立完善的堆肥标准体系,制定符合我国国情的标准,开展有机肥料施用风险监测,更加具体研究制定我国有机肥料安全风险评估程序,规范有机肥料登记管理,打通上中下游联动机制,建立污染监测—评估— 控制一体化的监管技术体系,促进有机肥料行业健康发展,保障粮食安全。

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